Mayeso ambiri a anti-doping amachitika padziko lapansi, nthawi yamapikisano ndi mpikisano, komanso pakati pawo. Ganizirani za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'masewera.
Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi chiyani?
Kuwongolera ma doping ndi njira yomwe imaphatikizapo zitsanzo, kuyesa, njira zingapo pambuyo poyesa, madandaulo ndi mamvedwe.
Kodi njira yokambirana ndikuzindikira chinthu ngati doping ikupitilira?
Monga lamulo, zinthu zoletsedwa sizidziwika nthawi yomweyo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pakadutsa nthawi, akatswiri oyenerera amayang'anira zinthu ngati izi. Koma pamakhala nthawi zina pomwe chinthu chimadziwika kuti doping.
Akatswiri a malowa akuwunika zinthu m'ma laboratories apadera. Pofufuza, zida zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi yowunikira imatsimikiziridwa ndi katswiri wodziwika pakati.
Kuwunika kukamaliza, zonse zomwe zalandilidwa zimatumizidwa ku komiti ya WADA (anti-doping agency). Bungwe ili limachita:
- kuphunzira mfundo zingapo zasayansi;
- misonkhano;
- kuphunzira malipoti osiyanasiyana a ofufuza ndi asayansi
- zokambirana zovuta.
Pambuyo pake, kutengera zomwe zaphunziridwa, lingaliro limapangidwa. Lero pali zinthu zokhudzana ndi zokambirana ndi maphunziro omwe awonedwa kwazaka zambiri.
Malamulo amachitidwe owongolera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Onse othamanga omwe apatsidwa ziyeneretso zazikulu kwambiri ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pachifukwa ichi, nyemba zamkodzo zimatengedwa. Kuyesedwa kukuchitika m'ma laboratories amasewera.
Zotsatira zimalengezedwa kenako. Ngati zinthu zoletsedwa zikupezeka, wothamangayo sangakhale woyenera.
Asanachitike, wothamanga woyenerera kwambiri ayenera kudziwitsidwa. Ayenera kudziwitsidwa za tsiku ndi nthawi yake, komanso mitundu ina.
Pambuyo pake, wogwira ntchitoyo amapatsa wothamanga fomu yotchedwa chitsimikiziro. Pambuyo powunika mawonekedwe, wothamanga wapamwamba kwambiri ayenera kusaina. Tsopano, fomu yotsimikizirayi ndiyovomerezeka kotero kuti tizinena mwalamulo.
Monga lamulo, wothamanga woyenerera kwambiri ayenera kufika pamalo enaake pasanathe ola limodzi. Ngati alibe nthawi yofikira nthawi yoikika, ndiye kuti izi sizingachitike. Kuphatikiza apo, pankhaniyi, zilingaliridwa kuti wothamanga woyenerera kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zilizonse zoletsedwa.
Poterepa, zilango zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- kuchoka pamipikisano;
- Ndondomeko yoyimitsa.
Zilango zomwe zikugwirizana zikugwiritsidwa ntchito 99% ya milandu. Nthawi zonse pamakhala kusiyanasiyana.
1. Asanafike pamalowo, wothamanga woyenera kwambiri ayenera kukhala limodzi ndi winawake. Amatha kukhala wogwira ntchito labu kapena woweruza. Yemwe ali ndiudindo amayang'anira mayendedwe a wothamanga. Malinga ndi malamulo apano, sangakodzere asanakonzekere.
2. Akafika pamalo oyenera, munthu yemwe chitsanzocho chidzatengeredwe ayenera kupereka chikalata chilichonse:
- pasipoti yapadziko lonse lapansi;
- pasipoti, ndi zina zambiri.
3. Kwa maphunziro apadera, pamafunika mkodzo wambiri - mamililita 75. Chifukwa chake onetsetsani kuti mumamwa zakumwa zilizonse:
- madzi amchere
- koloko, ndi zina zotero.
Poterepa, zakumwa zonse ziyenera kukhala mu chidebe chapadera. Chidebecho chiyenera kusindikizidwa. Nthawi zambiri, woyang'anira amapereka zakumwa zomwe mungasankhe.
4. Pambuyo pake, amapatsidwa mwayi wopita kuchipinda chomwe amatengera zitsanzo. Wothamanga ayenera kutsagana ndi woyang'anira (woweruza). Mukamatsata njira yoyeserera, muyenera kutsogozedwa ndi lamuloli - kuwonetsa thupi pamlingo winawake.
5. Malinga ndi malingaliro apano, amaloledwa kuyambitsa kukodza. Pali njira ziwiri zovomerezeka:
- ikani phokoso lakuthira madzi;
- kutsanulira madzi pa dzanja lanu.
6. Atachita zoyenera, woyang'anira agawika magawo awiri:
- botolo lotchedwa A;
- botolo lotchedwa B.
7. Pambuyo pake, woyang'anira (woweruza) ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zitsanzo zomwe zatengedwa ndizoyenera kuchita kafukufuku woyenera mu labotale. Kenako chidebecho chimatsekedwa ndi chivindikiro. Pambuyo pake, woyang'anira (woweruza) ayenera kuyika nambala yapadera komanso kusindikiza botolo.
8. Komanso, mabotolo apadera amafufuzidwanso mosamala. Koma tsopano zakuyenda. Wotsogolera akuyenera kutsimikizira kukhathamira kwake ndikudalirika kwa botolo.
9. Tsopano ndikofunikira kuti wothamanga woyenera kwambiri awone botolo:
- onetsetsani kuti botolo ndi lolimba;
- onetsetsani za kusindikiza;
- onetsetsani kuti nambala yake ndi yolondola.
10. Ndipo sitepe yotsiriza. Ogwira ntchito amaika mbale mu chidebe chotetezeka. Pambuyo pake, chidebecho chiyenera kusindikizidwa. Tsopano, limodzi ndi alonda, zotetezedwa zimatumizidwa ku labotale kukafufuza.
Pambuyo pake, labotale imachita kafukufuku woyenera. Labu iliyonse imayenera kukhala ndi satifiketi yapadera. Kuti mupeze satifiketi imeneyi, muyenera kupereka chiphaso choyenera. Chitsimikizo ichi chimachitika ndi WADA.
Ndani akusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za doping?
Malinga ndi malamulo apano, mitundu iwiri yakuwongolera imatsimikizika:
- Kupikisana (komwe kwachitika kale mpikisano usanachitike kapena utatha);
- mpikisano (womwe umachitika mwachindunji pampikisano wapano).
Kuwongolera kumachitika ndi omwe amatchedwa doping officer. Awa ndi anthu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera omwe ali ndi ziyeneretso zina. Kupita kuno
Kalekale asanayambe ntchito, "maofesala" onse amasankhidwa mosamala:
- kuyesa;
- kuyankhulana;
- zokambirana ndi zama psychologist, ndi zina zambiri.
"Maofesala" awa akuyimira mabungwe awa:
- mabungwe osiyanasiyana apadziko lonse lapansi;
- mabungwe omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi WADA.
Mwachitsanzo, IDTM Corporation. Kampaniyi imayang'anira othamanga omwe akuchita nawo masewera othamanga.
Ndi zitsanzo ziti zomwe zimatengedwa pakuwongolera mankhwala osokoneza bongo?
Malinga ndi malamulo apano, nyemba zamkodzo zimatengedwa kuti zizitha kuwongolera mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wazinthu zina sizinachitike.
Kodi wothamanga angakane?
Malamulo apano amaletsa kukana kutsatira njirayi. Kupanda kutero, wopikisana naye sangakhale woyenera. Ndiye kuti, Commissionyo idzalemba kuvomereza kwachitsanzo chabwino.
Nthawi zina mutha kupuma pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, atha kukhala mayi wachichepere yemwe amafunika kudyetsa mwana wake. Koma ngakhale pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira bwino chifukwa chomwe bungweli lalingalire zopumira.
Kodi chitsanzocho chimatengedwa bwanji?
Monga lamulo, chitsanzocho chimaperekedwa pamfundo yapadera. Yemwe akuchita nawo mpikisanowu atha kuyenda mozungulira mfundozo pokhapokha ngati pali woyang'anira.
- Kuyesaku kumachitika, titero kunena kwake, mwanjira yachilengedwe. Ndiye kuti, wopikisana naye ayenera kukodza mu botolo lapadera.
- Pochita izi, woyang'anira amayang'anira njirayi kuti apewe kuchitapo kanthu kosaloledwa. Chitsanzo cha kuphwanya komwe kungachitike ndikubwezeretsa botolo.
Osewera achinyengo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zidule zosiyanasiyana kuti asinthe botolo:
- chidebe chaching'ono chomwe chili mu rectum;
- mbolo yabodza, ndi zina zambiri.
Ndikothekanso kuti woyang'anira (officer) ndi wachinyengo. Poterepa, mutha kusintha botolo. Ngati kuphwanya kumapezeka, wapolisi adzalangidwa kwambiri.
Kodi kusanthula kumachitika mwachangu bwanji?
Nthawi yakusanthula kumatengera kukula kwa mpikisano:
- Pazisudzo zazing'ono zamasewera, kusanthula kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa masiku 10.
- Malinga ndi malamulo apano, kusanthula kwa zitsanzo zomwe zapezeka pamipikisano yayikulu yamasewera kumachitika mkati mwa masiku 1-3:
- masiku atatu kusanthula kovuta;
- masiku awiri pamaphunziro owonjezera osiyanasiyana;
- tsiku limodzi kusanthula zitsanzo zomwe zili zoipa.
Kodi zitsanzo zimasungidwa liti komanso kuti?
Mpaka pano, alumali moyo wazitsanzo zasintha kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo akhoza kusungidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Kusunga kwanthawi yayitali ndikofunikira pakuwunikanso mobwerezabwereza. Ndi chiyani?
- kupeza njira zatsopano zosavomerezeka;
- kuzindikira zinthu zatsopano zoletsedwa (mankhwala).
Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwa zotsatira zomwe zidapezeka kumachitika zaka zingapo pambuyo pake. Zotsatira zalengezedwa. Ochita nawo nawo nawo mpikisano wapitawo amalandila zokhumudwitsa.
Zitsanzo zomwe zatengedwa zimasungidwa m'ma laboratories apadera, omwe amatetezedwa mosamala kwa anthu osayenerera.
Pasipoti yotsutsana ndi doping
Malinga ndi malingaliro, zotsatira zomwe zimapezeka pakuwongolera mankhwala osokoneza bongo sizikusiyana mwanjira iliyonse ndi zisonyezo za pasipoti yotsutsa-doping.
Kuwunika kwa ma anti-doping pasipoti ndizosavuta:
- pakuti ichi, zida zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito;
- wogwira ntchito zasayansi amalowetsa pasipoti;
- pulogalamuyo imasanthula zomwe zalandilidwa ndikupereka zotsatira zake.
Komanso, zonsezi sizikudziwika. Ogwira ntchito zamalabotale amagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zokha (zisonyezo) pofufuza.
Pambuyo pa kafukufukuyu, zotsatira zake zimakambidwa. Monga lamulo, malingaliro a ogwira ntchito zasayansi atatu amalingaliridwa. Komabe, zotsatira zomwe zapezeka siumboni wachindunji.
Pasipoti yotsutsana ndi doping ndi chiyani
Pasipoti yotsutsana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mbiri yamagetsi ya mpikisano yomwe ili ndi zambiri. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa zolemba zamoyo, zomwe zimafanizidwa ndi zotsatira zopezeka pakuwongolera mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ogwira ntchito zamalabu amagwiritsa ntchito izi pofufuza zitsanzo.
Pasipoti yotsutsana ndi doping ili ndi maubwino angapo:
- ndizotheka kuzindikira zolakwika zosiyanasiyana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoletsedwa;
- Mutha kuzindikira zakuphwanya kosiyanasiyana popanda kuyesa zovuta.
Pasipoti yachilengedwe ili ndi magawo atatu:
- endocrine pasipoti yachilengedwe;
- steroid zachilengedwe pasipoti;
- hematological kwachilengedwenso pasipoti.
Mpaka pano, ndi data ya pasipoti ya hematological yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunika.
Mapasipoti a Endocrine ndi steroid sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Kuyambira pano, palibe njira zapadera zomwe antchito aku labotale adatsimikizira kupezeka kwa zinthu zoletsedwa. Komabe, posachedwa, akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zambiri za mbiri ya endocrine ndi steroid.
Chifukwa chiyani mukufunikira pasipoti yotsutsa-doping
Zachidziwikire, pasipoti yachilengedwe imafunika kuti munthu apeze zinthu zoletsedwa. Koma ndizotheka kudziwa kupezeka kwa zinthu zoletsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso amkodzo.
Pasipoti yachilengedwe idapangidwa kuti iwonetsetse erythropoietin. Awa ndi mahomoni a impso omwe sangapezeke ndi kukodza (patatha masiku 15-17). Chifukwa imachotsedwa mwachangu mthupi la munthu. Njira zomwe zilipo sizibweretsa zotsatira zenizeni.
Hormone iyi imakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu za munthu. Komanso, kuthiridwa magazi kumakhudza kusintha kwa magawo ena a kupirira magazi. Chifukwa chake, izi ndizofunikira pakuwunika.
Chinthu chachikulu mu pasipoti yachilengedwe ndi index yolimbikitsa. Mndandanda wokondoweza ndi mawonekedwe (mbiri) momwe magawo amwazi (data) osiyanasiyana amalowetsedwera.
Pochita kafukufuku, zizindikiro za magazi zimaganiziridwa.
Kodi amawonetsa bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo?
Yemwe amatenga nawo mbali pamipikisano yayikulu komanso masewera ayenera kupereka magazi pamalo apadera:
- pamaso pa mpikisano;
- nthawi ya mpikisano;
- pambuyo pa mpikisano.
Komanso, kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika pazida zapadera. Pulogalamuyi imangolowetsa zomwe zalandilidwa. Kenako amawunika kuchuluka kwa magazi.
Kuphatikiza apo, pulogalamuyi imatsimikizira miyezo yamwazi wamagazi kwa aliyense amene akuchita nawo mpikisano. Ndiye kuti, imapanga "makonde" okhala ndi malire kumtunda ndi kutsika. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoletsedwa.
Kuwonanso chitsanzocho
Kuyang'ananso chitsanzocho kumapangitsa kuti zizindikire zinthu zoletsedwa. Ngati zinthu ngati izi zapezeka, ndiye kuti wothamanga adzalangidwa. Chitsanzocho chikhoza kuyambiranso patatha zaka zambiri.
Kodi zitsanzo zimayesedwanso pamaziko otani?
Pali bungwe lomwe lingaganize zokonzanso nyembazo. Ndipo dzina lake ndi WADA. Komanso, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lingasankhe kuyambiranso.
Zitsanzo zimasinthidwa njira yatsopano ikapangidwa kuti ipeze zinthu zilizonse zoletsedwa. Popanga njirayi, labotale yapadera imapempha International Federation ndi WADA kuti iwunikenso zomwe zanenedwa. Ndipo mabungwewa amapanga chisankho chomaliza.
Ndi kangati pomwe zitsanzo zingaperekedwenso?
Ndikololedwa kuyang'ananso zitsanzo nthawi zambiri. Komabe, palibe amene anachotsa malamulo a sayansi. Kuchuluka kwa mkodzo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayeso aliwonse. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi, zokonzanso ziwiri zitha kuchitika.
Munayamba liti kuyesa othamanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo?
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, othamanga adayamba kuyesedwa mu 1968. Koma zitsanzozo zidatengedwa mu 1963. Kupanga kusanthula kotereku kwakhala kotheka chifukwa cha chitukuko chaukadaulo. Zida zapadera zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zitsanzo.
Njira zazikulu zowunikira zinali:
- masewero owerengeka;
- zojambula.
Mndandanda Woletsedwa
Maphunziro Oletsa Zinthu:
- S1-S9 (glucocorticosteroids, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, okodzetsa, adrenomimetics, zinthu za anabolic, cannabinoids, zolimbikitsa, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi antiestrogenic, zinthu zingapo zonga mahomoni);
- P1-P2 (Beta-blockers, mowa).
Mu 2014, mndandanda udasinthidwa pang'ono. Argon ndi xenon inhalation adawonjezeredwa.
Zilango Zokhudza Kuphwanya Malamulo
Zilango zitha kugwira ntchito kuma laboratories komanso othamanga. Ngati labotale yakuphwanya kulikonse, ndiye kuti itha kuvomerezedwa. Ngakhale ataphwanya, labotale yapadera ili ndi ufulu wodziteteza. Umu ndi momwe milandu yamakhothi imagwirira ntchito ndipo milandu yonse imawunikidwa.
Ochita nawo mpikisano, oyang'anira, aluso ayenera kutsatira malamulo aomwe amatchedwa Anti-Doping Code. Linasindikizidwa koyamba mu 2003.
Okonza mpikisanowo adakhazikitsa zilangozo pawokha. Nkhani iliyonse yophwanya imaganiziridwa payekhapayekha. Ngati ogwira nawo ntchito kapena makochi adathandizira kuphwanyaku, ndiye kuti adzalangidwa mwankhanza kuposa momwe wothamanga yekha.
Kodi ndi ziletso ziti zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa othamanga?
- Kuyimitsidwa kwa moyo wonse;
- Kuletsa zotsatira.
Monga lamulo, kuyimitsidwa kwa moyo wonse ndikotheka mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira zilizonse zoletsedwa. Kuphwanya lamulo lililonse kudzapangitsa zotsatira zake kukhala zosavomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchotsa mphotho ndizotheka.
M'masewera akulu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi nkhani yoletsedwa. Ochita masewera omwe ataya moyo wawo wonse pamasewera safuna kukhala osayenera. Chifukwa chake, timakakamizidwa kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoletsedwa.
